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Red & White was the first store brand for grocery merchandise, food products, beverages and household supplies. The brand was first launched on cans of coffee in 1908 by Smith Michael (S.M.) Flickinger in Buffalo, New York to compete with A&P and its popular private brand coffee and was named after the color on the store shelves.〔 The Red & White Wholesale Corporation that grew from S.M. Flickinger's first store in Buffalo, supplied groceries to independent grocery stores, and during World War I, the pressure on the small stores increased as food was rationed. By this time the company was operating as its own chain of Flickinger's retail stores, as well as the wholesale operation supplying other retailers. Today, there are thousands of Red & White products serving as the primary store brand in independent grocery stores across the United States. == History == In 1908 Smith Michael (S.M.) Flickinger developed the first store brand product, cans of coffee, to compete with A&P. Flickinger named the brand Red & White after the colors of his store shelves and the coffee was a hit. Over the course of the next ten years, a wide assortment of Red & White products was added to Flickinger’s store. By 1921, Flickinger’s success had grown into a small chain of Red & White stores throughout upstate New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio, while simultaneously supplying other independent stores with Red & White products through his warehouse.〔 This collection of Red & White stores and independent stores became the Red & White stores Voluntary Group System. Membership to the group included site selection, training, discounted store fixtures and professional window display for initial store openings to help avoid the failure of thousands of corner grocers.〔 Following the trademark registration for Red & White in 1925,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=(trademark registration ) )〕 wholesalers from Canada and the United States began visiting Buffalo to learn about the voluntary concept. Many received permission from Flickinger to set up similar operations, and they spread quickly from coast-to-coast. As the independent Red & White stores spread throughout the United States, the “family” of stores kept in close communication through a monthly Red & White magazine that was “published in Chicago for all Red & White members everywhere.” 〔 During the Great Depression, the independent wholesalers and approximately 6,700 retailers benefited from the ability to collaborate and volume buy the grocery store products through the Voluntary Group System.〔Convention Address on the Red & White Perspective, Federated Foods "Heads of Houses Conference," Palm Springs 1986〕 The growing private store brand Red & White business came to an abrupt halt when the Robinson-Patman Act, the second amendment to the Clayton Antitrust Act, would no longer allow Red & White stores to price discriminate from unearned brokerage payments. As a result, Leo J. Bushey, President of Red & White Corporation, and four other employees left Red & White and formed a new organization known as Modern Marketing Services. The new organization leased “the brands, trademarks and labels owned or controlled by Red & White. Despite the separation of the two entities, the Federal Trade Commission decided that the arrangement still violated the Robinson-Patman Act, and ordered both Modern Marketing and Red & White to “cease and desist from receiving or accepting, directly or indirectly, from the sellers of such commodities, any brokerage fee. This decision was affirmed and enforced on June 13, 1945. In 1945, Modern Marketing was dissolved and Leo J. Bushey, George O Morea and Harmon J Wright for Bushey, Morea & Wright, Inc. to “act exclusively as a seller’s broker” to solicit orders on manufacturers and packers for unbranded merchandise, merchandise packed under the labels owned by the manufacturers, including the Red & White brand. As a result, Red & White Corporation continued to own various trademarks and trade names, but did not perform any purchasing service for the wholesale grocers who owned it.〔 Bushey, Morea & Wright, Inc. (BM&W) purchased the Red & White trademark from Red & White Corp in 1955 and reorganized the company to compete in a “Supermarket Era” by streamlining headquarter operations while transferring many responsibilities to its member distributors. Bushey, Morea & Wright, operating out of Boston, MA, established an irrevocable trust known as The Red & White Foundation and sold the Red & White brand to the foundation for a nominal sum, while Red & White Corporation contributed all the remaining trademarks and brands to the Foundation. The Foundation granted Bushey, Morea & Wright a license to use the trademarks and trade names on a royalty basis. Bushey, Morea & Wright purchased all the outstanding shares of stock of the original Red & White Corporation and changed its own name to Red & White Corporation and took over all advertising functions for the company. In 1963, under the leadership of Donald Albrecht, Red & White Corporation acquired National Brand Sales Corporation, which provided immediate expansion into more areas of the country with a new (Hy-Top ) brand. Shortly thereafter the (Parade ) and Fine Fare brands were also launched by Red & White Corporation. To better serve schools, hospitals, restaurants and in-plant cafeterias, the Red & White Foodservice Division was formed in 1966. However, shortly after launching the new division in 1968, new FDA label regulations prompted a corporate name change to Federated Foods as the holding company, made up of six divisions: Red & White International Division, Hy-Top Products Division, National Brands Sales Division, Kitchen Products Division, and Red & White Foodservice Division. The growing success of store brands continued beyond the 60’s and 70’s and in 2014 store brands represent 17% of all retail grocery sales in the United States.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://hk.nielsen.com/site/documents/NielsenGlobalInflationImpactReportOctober2013.pdf )〕 There are thousands of Red & White products serving as the primary store brand in independent grocery stores across the United States, but the store brand market as a whole has greatly matured. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Red and White Brand」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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